Quantities have two parts: the number and the unit. The number tells "how many." It is important to be able to express numbers properly so that the quantities can be communicated properly.
Standard notation is the straightforward expression of a number. Numbers such as 17, 101.5, and 0.00446 are expressed in standard notation. For relatively small numbers, standard notation is fine. However, for very large numbers, such as 306,000,000, or for very small numbers, such as 0.000000419, standard notation can be cumbersome because of the number of zeros needed to place nonzero numbers in the proper position.
Scientific Notation
An expression of a number using powers of 10.
Scientific notation is an expression of a number using powers of 10. Powers of 10 are used to express numbers that have many zeros:
| 100 | = 1 |
| 101 | = 10 |
| 102 | = 100 = 10 × 10 |
| 103 | = 1,000 = 10 × 10 × 10 |
| 104 | = 10,000 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 |
and so forth.
The raised number to the right of the 10 indicates the number of factors of 10 in the original number. (Scientific notation is sometimes called exponential notation.) The exponent's value is equal to the number of zeros in the number expressed in standard notation.
Small numbers can also be expressed in scientific notation but with negative exponents:
| 10−1 | = 0.1 = 1/10 |
| 10−2 | = 0.01 = 1/100 |
| 10−3 | = 0.001 = 1/1,000 |
| 10−4 | = 0.0001 = 1/10,000 |
and so forth. Again, the value of the exponent is equal to the number of zeros in the denominator of the associated fraction. A negative exponent implies a decimal number less than one.
A number is expressed in scientific notation by writing the first nonzero digit, then a decimal point, and then the rest of the digits. The part of a number in scientific notation that is multiplied by a power of 10 is called the coefficient. We determine the power of 10 needed to make that number into the original number and multiply the written number by the proper power of 10. For example, to write 79,345 in scientific notation,